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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">L’Éducation Juive</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Son origine et sa véritable vocation</h2>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="193" data-author-bio="Freeman, Tzvi"><a title="Browse more articles by Freeman, Tzvi" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/193/jewish/Freeman-Tzvi.htm">par Tzvi Freeman</a></span>
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<div class="co_body article-body cf"><section><p>Dispensée selon la tradition, l’éducation juive se révèle bien différente de ce que l’on pourrait imaginer.</p>
<p>Gardons à l’esprit qu’il s’agit de l’institution la plus vitale du judaïsme. Les Juifs prennent des décisions majeures dans leur vie (comme le choix de leur lieu de résidence ou leurs objectifs de revenus) en fonction de l’éducation de leurs enfants. Les frais de scolarité qu’ils assument dépassent souvent même leurs dépenses de logement.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Imaginons que l’on vous confie la tâche de créer un système d’éducation juive. Qu’enseigneriez-vous ?</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Pourtant, malgré ces coûts, en 2014, les écoles juives à temps plein aux États-Unis connaissaient un essor considérable, avec une augmentation des inscriptions de 37 % depuis 1998.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a6667207');" name="footnoteRef1a6667207">1</a> Le mouvement ‘Habad a joué un rôle majeur, passant de 44 à 80 écoles sur la même période, avec une augmentation de 50 % des inscriptions depuis 2003.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a6667207');" name="footnoteRef2a6667207">2</a> Des tendances encore plus marquées ont été observées au Canada, au Royaume-Uni, en France, en Russie, au Brésil, en Argentine et dans d’autres grandes communautés juives de la diaspora.</p>
<p>Car pour un Juif, l’éducation juive de ses enfants est l’essence même de la vie.</p>
<p>Alors imaginons que l’on vous confie la tâche de créer un système d’éducation juive. Votre objectif est de former des Juifs instruits, dévoués au peuple juif et à ses valeurs, qui ne cesseront jamais d’apprendre tout au long de leur vie.</p>
<p>Que leur enseigneriez-vous ?</p>
<p>Maintenant que vous avez eu le temps de réfléchir à cette question, examinons le programme établi pour le système éducatif juif originel.</p>
<div><magen-section class="article-toc" spacing="compact" variant="primary">
<sl-menu spacing="condensed">
<sl-menu-label variant="content" spacing="default">Dans cet article:</sl-menu-label>
<a href="#Une">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Une minute ! Comment l’éducation juive est-elle devenue ce qu’elle est ?</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Le">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Le premier système d’éducation publique au monde</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#L%C3%A9ducation">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>L’éducation juive de la naissance à dix ans : le Juif lettré</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#L%C3%A9ducationjuive">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>L’éducation juive de dix à quinze ans : le Juif érudit</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#L%C3%A9ducationjuivede">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>L’éducation juive : de l’ignorant au Juif instruit</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Trois">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Trois enseignements sur l’éducation juive</sl-menu-item>
</a>
</sl-menu>
</magen-section></div> 
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/bXYU8483978.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="(Benams Photo)" title="(Benams Photo)" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/bXYU8483978.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/bXYU8483978.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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(Benams Photo)
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</div>
</section><section><h2 id="Une">Une minute ! Comment l’éducation juive est-elle devenue ce qu’elle est ?</h2>
<p>Avant de commencer, plaçons ce système éducatif dans son contexte historique et sociologique.</p>
<p>La société juive a toujours été singulière, principalement parce que son activité religieuse et sociale principale <i>est</i> l’éducation. Dans la culture juive traditionnelle, la chose la plus impressionnante que l’on puisse dire de quelqu’un n’est pas qu’il est riche, beau ou puissant, ni même qu’il est médecin. Le plus grand compliment que l’on puisse faire à quelqu’un est de dire qu’« il sait étudier ».</p>
<p>Cette attitude envers l’éducation commence dès l’enfance, à la maison comme à l’école. Et elle puise ses racines dans un passé lointain.</p>
<p>Qu’est-ce que D.ieu a trouvé de si particulier chez <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33331">Abraham</span> ? Son courage ? Sa foi ? Sa vision ? Son éloquence ? Rien de tout cela. <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1849908/jewish/Dieu.htm" title="Dieu">D.ieu</a> le dit Lui-même : « Il m’est cher, car Je sais qu’il ordonnera à ses enfants et à sa maison après lui de suivre les voies de D.ieu, de pratiquer la charité et la justice ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a6667207');" name="footnoteRef3a6667207">3</a> Abraham, patriarche du peuple juif, était avant tout un éducateur pour sa famille, comme pour le monde entier.</p>
<p>Il en va de même pour Moïse. Les dix plaies et l’ouverture de la mer Rouge étaient impressionnantes, mais sa tâche principale dans la vie était d’enseigner au peuple. De fait, il a créé une société qui ne pouvait fonctionner que par l’éducation. Et il ne cesse d’insister : « Peuple ! Enseignez à vos enfants ! »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a6667207');" name="footnoteRef4a6667207">4</a></p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Dans le monde antique, personne d’autre n’avait fait de l’éducation des enfants une obligation religieuse.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Une observation maintes fois répétée mérite d’être soulignée : c’est bien cette conception singulière de l’éducation qui distinguait l’ancien Israël de ses voisins et de ses adversaires, permettant plus tard à son peuple non seulement de survivre en exil, mais d’y prospérer.</p>
<p>Dans le monde antique, aucune autre civilisation n’avait érigé l’éducation des enfants en devoir religieux. Certes, un païen grec, romain ou zoroastrien devait maîtriser l’art des offrandes à ses divinités tutélaires. Peut-être était-il initié aux mystères et à la magie, son père ayant adhéré à l’un de ces cultes orphiques, dionysiaques ou mithriaques. Les plus chanceux, nés d’un père manichéen (adepte d’une ancienne religion qui n’est pas sans rappeler Star Wars), apprenaient l’alternance du jeûne et de la prière.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a6667207');" name="footnoteRef5a6667207">5</a></p>
<p>Mais le judaïsme transcendait la simple transmission des usages. Au-delà du « Voici nos pratiques », il enseignait : « Étudie ces textes en profondeur, pénètre-toi de leurs commentaires et prends part au débat millénaire qu’ils suscitent ».</p>
<p>Plus surprenant encore, même les religions monothéistes issues du judaïsme, tels le christianisme et le samaritanisme, n’ont pas repris cette exigence fondamentale de l’enseignement parental.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a6667207');" name="footnoteRef6a6667207">6</a></p>
<p>Cette singularité éclaire la décision des Sages d’Israël qui, dans le siècle précédant <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/938154/jewish/La-seconde-chute-de-Jrusalem.htm" title="La seconde chute de Jérusalem">la destruction de Jérusalem par les Romains</a> en 70 è.c., instituèrent le premier système scolaire public au monde. Pressentant l’imminence de la diaspora, ils préparèrent le peuple à cette épreuve en formalisant le processus de l’éducation juive.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/QYnP8483980.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="The schools teach Jewish values and life lessons, and the atmosphere “felt like family,” according to students. (Benams Photo)" title="The schools teach Jewish values and life lessons, and the atmosphere “felt like family,” according to students. (Benams Photo)" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/QYnP8483980.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/QYnP8483980.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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The schools teach Jewish values and life lessons, and the atmosphere “felt like family,” according to students. (Benams Photo)
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</section><section><h2 id="Le">Le premier système d’éducation publique au monde</h2>
<p>Voici comment cela s’est passé, selon les témoignages de ceux qui l’ont dirigé :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>« En vérité, cet homme est rappelé pour le bien, et son nom est Yehochoua <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36764">ben</span> Gamla. Sans lui, la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35052">Torah</span> aurait été oubliée du peuple juif.</p>
<p>Au début, celui qui avait un père se faisait enseigner la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5538423/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Torah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Torah ?">Torah</a> par lui, et celui qui n’avait pas de père n’étudiait pas la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> du tout...</p>
<p>Quand les Sages constatèrent que tous n’étaient pas capables d’enseigner à leurs enfants, ils instituèrent que des maîtres pour enfants soient établis à Jérusalem...</p>
<p>Mais encore, ceux qui avaient des pères venaient à <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2597327/jewish/Jrusalem.htm" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a> et recevaient l’enseignement, tandis que ceux qui n’avaient pas de père ne venaient pas.</p>
<p>Alors les Sages instituèrent que des maîtres pour enfants soient être établis dans une ville de chaque région. Et ils amenaient les élèves à l’âge de seize ans et de dix-sept ans.</p>
<p>Mais à cet âge, un élève dont le maître s’irritait contre lui se rebellait et partait.</p>
<p>Jusqu’à ce que Yehochoua ben Gamla vienne (65 è.c.) et institue que des maîtres pour jeunes enfants soient être établis dans chaque province et dans chaque ville, et l’on faisait venir les enfants pour étudier dès l’âge de six et sept ans ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a6667207');" name="footnoteRef7a6667207">7</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Ces mêmes Sages entreprirent alors d’établir un programme d’études. Il s’agit essentiellement d’un recueil facilement mémorisable de toutes les lois juives qui auraient pu autrement être oubliées, car les Juifs étaient maintenant dispersés dans les empires romain et perse, et personne ne savait quand ils retrouveraient leur terre. Ce programme mit plusieurs générations à se consolider, et il s’appelle la Michna.</p>
<p>Ils déterminèrent également les niveaux d’âge pour chacune des étapes de l’éducation : la lecture, la compréhension et le raisonnement (ou plutôt l’argumentation). (L’écriture n’était pas une priorité dans le monde antique. L’art des scribes était un métier spécialisé en raison des ressources qu’il nécessitait.)</p>
<p>Voici donc comment le système est organisé :</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/Lnif8483979.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="Young girls learn to recite their prayers as part of their comprehensive education. (Benams Photo)" title="Young girls learn to recite their prayers as part of their comprehensive education. (Benams Photo)" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/Lnif8483979.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/848/Lnif8483979.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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<div class="captioncell">
<div>
Young girls learn to recite their prayers as part of their comprehensive education. (Benams Photo)
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section><h2 id="Léducation">L’éducation juive de la naissance à dix ans : le Juif lettré</h2>
<p>Les premières années suivent un cours attendu. On vous nourrit des histoires fondamentales dès que vous commencez à comprendre ce que disent les adultes, et vous apprenez les prières de base dès que vous pouvez parler.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a6667207');" name="footnoteRef8a6667207">8</a> Une fois par an, vous vous levez et demandez à tous les adultes : « En quoi cette nuit est-elle différente de toutes les autres nuits ? » – et ils vous racontent toute une histoire, repas inclus.</p>
<p>À cinq ans, votre père est censé commencer à vous enseigner les bases de la lecture de l’hébreu.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a6667207');" name="footnoteRef9a6667207">9</a></p>
<p>À l’âge de six ou sept ans – selon votre maturité – vous êtes envoyé à l’école.</p>
<p>Là, on vous charge d’encore plus d’histoires, mais cette fois vous devez apprendre à les lire vous-même, à voix haute, avec les mélodies prescrites, depuis « Au commencement... » à travers les Cinq Livres de Moïse, les Prophètes, les Psaumes, les Proverbes, Job, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35817">Ruth</span>, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34199">Esther</span>... toute la Bible hébraïque – tout cela avant l’âge de dix ans.</p>
<p>Toujours rien de très surprenant – mis à part qu’il y a des passages vraiment délicats dont on ne penserait pas qu’un enfant d’un si jeune âge devrait y être exposé. Mais après tout, c’est toute la Torah de D.ieu, et tout votre héritage. Alors laissons le maître trouver un moyen d’expliquer les réalités de la vie adulte à l’enfant naïf et innocent.</p>
<p>Les choses deviennent vraiment intéressantes à l’âge de dix ans. C’est là que commence l’étude de la Michna.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Lire : <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1388067/jewish/ducation-juive.htm" title="Éducation juive">Éducation juive</a></p>
</blockquote>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/IFdm10531889.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/IFdm10531889.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/IFdm10531889.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
</section><section><h2 id="Léducationjuive">L’éducation juive de dix à quinze ans : le Juif érudit</h2>
<p>À l’âge de dix ans, ont déterminé les fondateurs de notre système éducatif, vous devez savoir quoi faire si votre bœuf encorne le bœuf de quelqu’un d’autre. Ou s’il traverse le marché et brise la poterie de quelqu’un avec sa queue.</p>
<p>Vous devez savoir quoi faire si vous trouvez un objet perdu – comment déterminer s’il a été placé là intentionnellement ou simplement perdu par négligence, si le propriétaire pourra l’identifier, s’il le cherche encore ou s’il y a renoncé (auquel cas, il pourrait bien vous appartenir), et comment savoir si celui qui le réclame dit la vérité.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Ils ont également déterminé qu’un enfant de dix ans doit savoir comment rédiger un contrat inattaquable qui tiendra devant un tribunal, et comment s’assurer qu’on n’escroque personne avec ce contrat.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Ils ont également déterminé qu’un enfant de dix ans doit savoir comment rédiger un contrat inattaquable qui tiendra devant un tribunal, comment être témoin pour un contrat, comment s’assurer qu’on n’escroque personne avec ce contrat, et quelles conditions pourraient s’appliquer dont on pourrait ne pas avoir conscience.</p>
<p>Il y a ensuite comment se marier. Comment divorcer. Combien il faudra débourser si l’on opte pour le divorce, et pourquoi ce n’est pas une bonne idée.</p>
<p>Il y a les lois sur les garanties, les nantissements sur les biens, les baux, les prêts et les responsabilités des deux parties dans tous ces cas.</p>
<p>Vous devrez savoir qui peut siéger dans un tribunal pour juger une affaire monétaire, qui peut siéger dans une cour de 23 juges pour juger une affaire capitale, comment ils jugent une affaire, quelles preuves sont considérées comme crédibles et lesquelles ne le sont pas, et ce qui se passe s’ils ne peuvent pas parvenir à une conclusion.</p>
<p>Entre dix et quinze ans, vous aurez également appris comment construire un <i>mikvé</i> – un bassin pour l’immersion rituelle. Vous apprendrez les <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1478392/jewish/Le-Mikv.htm" title="Le Mikvé">cycles menstruels féminins</a> et leur impact sur la vie conjugale. Vous apprendrez quelles relations sont interdites et lesquelles sont permises. Vous obtiendrez une carte des relations familiales d’une hyper-complexité s’étendant aux cousins au premier, deuxième et troisième degré – afin de savoir comment cela affecte le mariage, le témoignage au tribunal et l’héritage.</p>
<p>Bien sûr, il y a aussi les aspects rituels, comme la façon de pratiquer l’abattage casher d’un animal ou d’une volaille, comment vérifier ses organes internes pour s’assurer qu’il n’est pas <i>taref</i>, et comment le saler pour retirer son sang. Il y a les lois de la circoncision, des offrandes au <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34471">Temple</span>, des dîmes aux <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32779">cohanim</span></i> et aux lévites. Beaucoup de règles sur l’impureté rituelle, pour que, lorsque vous donnez ces dîmes, ceux qui les reçoivent puissent effectivement les consommer.</p>
<p>Vous mémoriserez et assimilerez certaines structures fondamentales et schémas conceptuels de base, comme les trente-neuf formes de travail interdites le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4008492/jewish/Quest-ce-que-le-Chabbat.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que le Chabbat?">Chabbat</a>, les quatre types de dommages, les quatre catégories de liquides qui peuvent tomber dans un <i>mikvé</i>.</p>
<p>En gros, tout l’éventail de la loi juive en cinq ans. Mémorisé jusqu’à ce que tout soit sur le bout de la langue, avec autant de compréhension qu’on peut l’attendre d’un jeune de quinze ans.</p>
<p>Comme le dit Josèphe, qui a vécu la destruction de Jérusalem, si l’on interrogeait n’importe quel enfant juif sur les lois du judaïsme, « il les réciterait plus facilement qu’il ne dirait son propre nom ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a6667207');" name="footnoteRef10a6667207">10</a></p>
<p>Avec, bien sûr, les opinions dissidentes. Car il y a très peu de choses dans la loi juive sur lesquelles il n’y a pas au moins deux opinions. Et les Sages qui ont compilé la Michna ont jugé bon de préserver beaucoup de ces opinions – même si elles ont perdu lors du vote – et de s’assurer que vous, les adolescents, les apprendriez aussi.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a6667207');" name="footnoteRef11a6667207">11</a></p>
<p>Et avec cela, vous êtes maintenant officiellement un ignorant.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1009/NtXl10096055.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="The first page of Talmud as it appears in standard editions, the text surrounded by the commentaries of Rashi,Tosafot, and others." title="The first page of Talmud as it appears in standard editions, the text surrounded by the commentaries of Rashi,Tosafot, and others." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1009/NtXl10096055.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1009/NtXl10096055.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
<div class="captioncell">
<div>
The first page of <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33943">Talmud</span> as it appears in standard editions, the text surrounded by the commentaries of <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35604">Rashi</span>,<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32818">Tosafot</span>, and others.
</div>
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</div>
</section><section><h2 id="Léducationjuivede">L’éducation juive : de l’ignorant au Juif instruit</h2>
<p>Voyez-vous, l’opposé d’un Juif instruit est ce que les Sages appelaient un <i>am haarets</i>. Littéralement, cela signifie « gens de la terre », mais c’est devenu un terme familier pour désigner « l’ignorant ».</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Qu’est-ce qu’un ignorant juif ? Quelqu’un qui n’a pas appris le type de raisonnement qui vous permet de participer à la discussion.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Qu’est-ce qu’un ignorant juif ? Beaucoup de descriptions sont proposées, mais celle considérée comme la plus fiable est : « Même s’il lit et peut réciter la Michna, s’il n’a pas servi les disciples des Sages, il est un <i>am haarets</i> ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a6667207');" name="footnoteRef12a6667207">12</a></p>
<p>« Servir les disciples des Sages » ne signifie pas leur servir à boire. Cela signifie que lorsque les disciples des Sages se réunissaient pour discuter du raisonnement de la Michna et s’engageaient dans des débats, vous étiez présent. Même si vous ne contribuiez pas, mais que vous suiviez, vous appreniez comment ils raisonnaient, comment ils argumentaient un point, comment ils le démontaient et le reconstruisaient pour parvenir à un consensus – en faisant partie de cette expérience, vous n’étiez plus un ignorant. Vous possédiez la Torah.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a6667207');" name="footnoteRef13a6667207">13</a></p>
<p>Ces échanges furent ultérieurement consignés par écrit – dans la mesure où de tels débats peuvent être fixés sur le papier, et même au-delà de ce que nous aurions pu imaginer – sous la forme de la Guémara, une hyper-conversation continue des Sages de cinq générations qui décortiquent la Michna sous tous les angles dans leurs efforts pour en saisir le sens et l’appliquer à leur monde.</p>
<p>Et cette combinaison de la Michna et de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5351046/jewish/Quest-ce-que-le-Talmud.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que le Talmud?">Guémara</a> – connue sous le nom de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5351046/jewish/Quest-ce-que-le-Talmud.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que le Talmud?">Talmud</a> – est devenue le pain quotidien de l’éducation juive supérieure. Pour que nous ne soyons pas tous des ignorants.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<div class="imagecell">
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/OLHs10531891.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="(Photo: Elie Haouzi)" title="(Photo: Elie Haouzi)" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/OLHs10531891.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1053/OLHs10531891.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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<div class="captioncell">
<div>
(Photo: Elie Haouzi)
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</section><section><h2 id="Trois">Trois enseignements sur l’éducation juive</h2>
<p>Quelles que soient vos conclusions, voici trois points que je retiens personnellement de tout cela :</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><b>L’éducation juive concerne la vie sur terre – dans sa totalité.</b></p>
<p>Certains pensent qu’une éducation religieuse concerne D.ieu, le ciel et comment y accéder. Certes, nous devons fournir une nourriture spirituelle à nos enfants. Il doit y avoir quelque chose de transcendant et de mystérieux dans votre vie. Mais l’essentiel de l’éducation juive ne concerne pas l’accès au ciel. Il s’agit de faire descendre le ciel sur terre.</p>
<p>Ainsi, l’éducation juive que nous donnons aujourd’hui à nos enfants devrait faire de même. Nous voulons que chaque enfant juif apprenne à être un <i>mensch</i>, à faire des affaires avec intégrité et à trouver D.ieu dans toutes ses activités quotidiennes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>L’éducation juive transcende le temps.</b></p>
<p>Le temps est à l’éducation juive ce que la géographie est aux autres. Tout y existe dans une simultanéité vivante, et vous devez connaître les chemins qui relient les points. Quand vous étudiez la Torah, Abraham, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35303">Sarah</span>, Moïse, Déborah, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35331">David</span>, le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm" title="The Holy Temple: an Anthology">Temple</a> de Jérusalem, Esther, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33664">Hillel</span>, Akiva, Maïmonide, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34206">Arizal</span>, le Baal Chem Tov et vous-même êtes tous ensemble vivants dans le même espace.</p>
<p>Nous voulons donc que nos enfants aient ce même sentiment – non pas d’histoire, mais de <i>mon</i> histoire. De <i>ma</i> place dans cette grande histoire, et de la direction qu’il m’appartient de lui donner. Car tout avance dans une seule direction – vers un monde tel que son Créateur l’a voulu.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><b>L’éducation juive, c’est faire partie de la discussion.</b></p>
<p>Même si vous connaissez chaque <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32404">halakha</span></i> du Code de la Loi juive, toute l’histoire juive, et que vous parlez couramment l’hébreu, l’araméen, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34589">ladino</span>, le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32541">yiddish</span> et le judéo-arabe, vous êtes un ignorant. Jusqu’à ce que vous puissiez faire partie de la discussion. Bien sûr, vous avez besoin de connaissances pour rejoindre la discussion. Mais, plus encore, vous devez vous trouver dans un lieu où ces connaissances sont échangées comme dans une partie de hockey à grande vitesse.</p>
<p>Ce lieu, nous l’appelons <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6587175/jewish/Quest-ce-quune-Yeshiva.htm" title="Qu’est-ce qu’une Yeshiva?">Yeshiva</a>. Et chaque Juif, quel que soit son âge, devrait avoir l’opportunité de passer au moins quelques mois dans une <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32449">yeshiva</span>.</p>
<p>Car chaque Juif doit être un Juif instruit.</p>
</li>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a6667207">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Marvin Schick, “A Census of Jewish Day Schools in the United States, 2013-2014”, Avi Chai Foundation, p. 1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR2a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a6667207">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Ibid</i>., p. 18-19. “Sans le réseau ‘Habad, des milliers d’enfants qui reçoivent actuellement une éducation dans des écoles de jour ne recevraient pas une éducation juive significative.”</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR3a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a6667207">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Genèse 18,19.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR4a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a6667207">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Exode 10,2. <i>Ibid</i>., 13,8. Deutéronome 6,7. <i>Ibid</i>., 11,19. Et plus encore.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR5a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a6667207">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Sur tout cela, voir Botticini et Eckstein, “The Chosen Few, How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70-1492”, Princeton University Press 2012, en particulier p. 78.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR6a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a6667207">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Ibid</i>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR7a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a6667207">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Baba Batra 21a.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR8a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a6667207">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Soukka 42a.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR9a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a6667207">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Avot 5:21.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR10a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a6667207">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Cité dans Drazin, Nathan, “History of Jewish Education from 515 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.”, John Hopkins University Press Reprints, New York: Arno Press, 1979, page 146.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR11a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a6667207">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Le raisonnement qui justifie l’inclusion des opinions minoritaires est énoncé dans la Michna Edouyot 1:5-6.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR12a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a6667207">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/torah-texts/5299836/Talmud/Berachot/Chapter-7/47b" data-book-id="17216-5299836" title="Berakhot&#160;47b, " target="_blank">Berakhot 47b, </a><a href="/torah-texts/5452558/Talmud/Sotah/Chapter-3/22a" data-book-id="17216-5452558" title="Sota&#160;22a, " target="_blank">Sota 22a, </a>Baba Metsia 33b.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR13a6667207" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a6667207" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a6667207">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rachi, Berakhot, <i>ad loc</i>.</p>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_32404']={word: 'Halakha', text: ['(lit. “the pathway”); (a) the body of Jewish law; (b) a single law'], article_count: [1230], kid: [1500],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4165687/jewish/What-Is-Halakhah-Halachah-Jewish-Law.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is Halakhah (Halachah)? Jewish Law',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32449']={word: 'Yeshiva', text: ['Academies of Torah learning.'], article_count: [73], kid: [8069],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4407857/jewish/What-Is-a-Yeshiva.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is a Yeshiva?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32541']={word: 'Yiddish', text: ['the traditional language of Ashkenazic Jewry, spoken over the course of 1000 years in Central and Eastern Europe, and around the world.'], article_count: [25], kid: [12556],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4157123/jewish/Yiddish.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Yiddish',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32779']={word: 'Cohanim', text: ['Priests, descendants of Aaron, responsible for the service in the Holy Temple.'], article_count: [162], kid: [9213],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/762109/jewish/Raise-Your-Hand-If-Youre-A-Kohen.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Raise Your Hand If You’re A Kohen',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32818']={word: 'Tosafot', text: ['(lit. “supplements”); classical commentaries on the Talmud, composed by the descendants and disciples of Rashi, which began to appear in the mid-twelfth century and are traditionally printed together with the text of the Talmud'], article_count: [3], kid: [11210],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/6943976/jewish/Rabbeinu-Tam-One-of-Judaisms-Most-Extraordinary-Figures.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbeinu Tam: One of Judaism’s Most Extraordinary Figures',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33331']={word: 'Abraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33664']={word: 'Hillel', text: ['(d. 9 CE) <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2701\">Mishnaic</a> sage, native of Babylon, student of Shemaiah and Abtalion, teacher of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12576\">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11041\">Johanan ben Zakkai</a>, Nasi of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12282\">Sanhedrin</a>. He is well known for his statement, \"What is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow man.\" His <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1199\">Torah</a> academy was known as the “<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7547\">House of Hillel</a>.”'], article_count: [27], kid: [1419],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4042931/jewish/Hillel-the-Elder.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Hillel the Elder',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33943']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1005], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34199']={word: 'Esther', text: ['(a) (4th century BCE) First cousin of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1309\">Mordecai</a>, selected as <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10809\">King Ahasuerus</a>\'s queen after <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10284\">Vashti</a>\'s execution. At Mordecai\'s behest, she brought about Ahasuerus\'s annulment of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13574\">Haman\'s</a> decree calling for the extermination of the Jews. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [76], kid: [1310],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4297202/jewish/Who-Was-Esther.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Esther?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34206']={word: 'Arizal', text: ['Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), also known by the acronym “Ari” or “Arizal.” Born in Jerusalem, died in Safed. One of the greatest kabbalists of all times, he founded a new school in Kabbalah – the so-called “Lurianic Kabbalah” – which is the basis of almost all mystical works that followed him. He studied with <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3536\">Rabbi Moshe Cordovero</a>, whom he succeeded as the leading mystic of Safed.'], article_count: [31], kid: [1505],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111878/jewish/Rabbi-Isaac-Luria-The-Ari-Hakodosh.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Isaac Luria - The Ari Hakodosh',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34471']={word: 'Temple', text: ['the Holy Temple in Jerusalem'], article_count: [905], kid: [238],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Holy Temple: an Anthology',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34589']={word: 'Ladino', text: ['a Spanish dialect spoken by many Sephardic Jews'], article_count: [6], kid: [10981],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1085545/jewish/Will-Ladino-Rise-Again.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Will Ladino Rise Again?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35052']={word: 'Torah', text: ['(lit. teaching) (a) The Five Books of Moses (The Bible); (b) the overall body of Jewish religious teachings encompassing the whole body of Jewish law, practice and tradition'], article_count: [28864], kid: [1199],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is the Torah?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35303']={word: 'Sarah', text: ['(a) (1803-1677 BCE) First of the four <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12180\"> Matriarchs</a>, wife of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=220\">Abraham</a>. Together with her husband, she was instrumental in converting thousands of people to monotheism. She was miraculously protected when she was abducted by the kings of Egypt and Philistine. She gave birth to <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\"> Isaac</a> at the age of ninety. She is buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [71], kid: [221],relatedArticleUrl: '/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/2213073/jewish/Sarah-A-Woman-of-Fortitude.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Sarah: A Woman of Fortitude',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35331']={word: 'David', text: ['(a) (907-837 BCE) A Bethlehem native, youngest son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9270\">Jesse</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9269\">Nitzevet</a>. A shepherd boy, he rose to fame after slaying the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistine</a> hero <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11978\">Goliath</a>. This earned him the hand of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">King Saul</a>’s daughter <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11979\">Michal</a> in marriage. Anointed by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1356\">Samuel</a> to succeed Saul after the latter failed to annihilate <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>. This aroused Saul\'s jealousy, who then pursued him relentlessly. David became king after Saul’s death. During his monarchy, David successfully secured and expanded Israel’s borders, but was beset by a series of revolts and personal tribulations. Compiled the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2172\">Book of Psalms</a>. Succeeded by his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [98], kid: [2417],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463954/jewish/King-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'King David',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35604']={word: 'Rashi', text: ['Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki; 1040-1105; foremost commentator on the Torah and Talmud; leader of the Jewish community in Alsace-Lorraine'], article_count: [40], kid: [9208],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111831/jewish/Who-Was-Rashi.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Rashi?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35817']={word: 'Ruth', text: ['(a) (10th century BCE) A <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13425\">Moabite</a> princess who married the son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13605\">Naomi</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13606\">Elimelech</a>. After her husband died, she followed her mother-in-law to Israel and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2255\">converted</a> to Judaism. She then married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9268\">Boaz</a>, and they are the antecedents of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2417\">King David</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [31], kid: [6765],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/520475/jewish/Ruth-of-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Ruth of the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36764']={word: 'Ben', text: ['(lit. “son of...”); used as part of a man’s formal name, followed by the name of either his father or mother'], article_count: [0], kid: [10863],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};
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